This article presents a comprehensive analysis of additive 3D printing technologies using polymer-ceramic composites (PCCs). Particular attention is paid to the advantages, limitations, and prospects of these materials use in medi­ cine, aerospace, and electronics. Additive manufacturing methods applicable to PCCs are systematized, including fused deposition modeling (FDM), stereolithography (SLA), and lithography-based ceramic molding (LCM). A detailed review of commercial and experimental compositions is presented, along with optimal filler content ranges, printing parameters, and post-processing modes. Comparative data demonstrate that the introduction of ceramic additives improves mechanical strength, thermal stability, and functional properties, but is accompanied by technological challenges such as increased material viscosity, abrasive nozzle wear, and shrinkage during sintering. An analysis of current industrial implementations confirms the growing potential of PCCs for biomedicine, energy, and high-tech industries. Polymer-ceramic composites produced using additive manufacturing methods offer a unique combination of polymer processability and ceramic performance. Despite technological challenges, advances in material formulation, equipment design, and digital integration are rapidly expanding the scope of PCC applications. Further optimization of formulations, printing parameters, and hybrid manufacturing methods will accelerate the transition of polymer-ceramic 3D printing from laboratory research to large-scale industrial use.

The structural features and mechanical properties of composite carbon coatings formed from plasma flows of complex composition generated by pulsed electric arc and spark evaporation in the presence of molecular nitrogen were investigated. The nitrogen concentration in the coating was varied by changing its partial pressure in the residual atmosphere of the vacuum chamber. It was found that nitriding of carbon coatings doped with zirconium and silicon at a nitrogen partial pressure of 0.08 Pa leads to an increase in dispersion, a decrease in their roughness and the size of individual structural formations. The features of chemical interaction processes were determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Nitriding promotes an increase in the degree of structural ordering of sp²-clusters, the formation of compounds based on CNx, nitrides of alloying elements and an increase in the ratio of sp³/sp²-hybridized carbon atoms, which leads to an increase in the nanohardness of composite carbon coatings to 15.3 GPa. It has been shown that the formation of hard phases based on alloying element carbides and nitrides leads to increased friction coefficients and volumetric wear of the counterface during nitriding of composite carbon coatings. The chemical composition of the composite carbon coatings has been determined, providing an optimal combination of nanohardness and tribological properties due to the highest proportion of clusters based on Csp²–N-bonds, which are transformed during friction into graphite, which acts as a solid lubricant. The obtained results can be used to modify the surface of metalworking tools and specialized equipment parts in order to improve their mechanical characteristics and increase their service life. 

Thin films with a quasi-amorphous finely dispersed structure and a crystallite size of 1–3 nm were obtained using the magnetron sputtering method of a composite target of MoSi₂ + 20 wt.% SiC compound. A study was conducted on the influence of temperature and duration of annealing on the surface electrical resistance, structure and phase composition of these films, which made it possible to establish a relationship between the structural-phase state and the value – of the surface resistance of the films. It was determined that annealing of freshly deposited films at a temperature above 700 °C leads to a decrease in their surface resistance by 2.5–3 times, and at a heat treatment temperature of 900 °C this characteristic is stabilized. Based on the results of electron diffraction analysis and resistive properties of the films, it was found that the change in surface electrical resistance is due to the evolution of the structure from quasi-amorphous to polycrystalline. It was shown that the formation of stable phases of MoSi₂ and Mo₅Si₃ of the tetragonal modification, as well as SiC of the hexagonal modification after heat treatment ensures stabilization of the electrical properties of the films. It was found that the a temperature of 900 °C and a heat treatment duration of 3 hours can be considered as optimal annealing modes, at which stabilization of the surface resistance, structure and phase composition of the films can be achieved. The results obtained can be used to produce highly efficient thin-film IR emitters used as light sources in gas microanalyzers. 

To increase the efficiency of electrolyte-plasma treatment, modes based on the use of controlled pulses have been developed. The modes are implemented by alternating high-voltage pulses corresponding to the electrolytic-plasma area and current-free pauses between them. An increase in the efficiency of pulse modes compared to traditional direct current electrolyte-plasma treatment is achieved by intensive metal removal during the electrochemical process occurring at the initial moment of switching on the high-voltage pulse (at the stage of forming the vapor-gas shell) and optimization of the duration of the electrolyte-plasma process, which ensures high surface quality. Based on the results of studying the influence of time parameters of controlled pulses on metal removal and the quality of the formed surface, modes have been established that ensure high efficiency of roughness reduction at low energy costs. The use of a scheme in which controlled high-voltage pulses with a duration of 2–5 ms and an amplitude corresponding to the electrolytic-plasma area (300 V) alternate with current-free pauses of 50 μs duration provides a significant increase in the intensity of roughness reduction compared to direct current treatment. As a result, for a roughness reduction by an amount equivalent to DC treatment with a duration of 5 min, the total energy costs are reduced by 28–32 %. Based on the results obtained, energy-efficient pulsed electrolytic-plasma treatment processes have been developed and implemented into production to improve the surface quality and shaping of medical and engineering products made from metallic materials.

Experimental equipment for producing charcoal from sawmill residues using thermochemical conversion of biomass in an oxygen-free environment has been developed. This equipment features thermal conversion of wood raw materials in a pyrolysis chamber equipped with microwave sources. The pyrolysis equipment includes a unit for producing generator gas from organic waste, a wood pyrolysis unit, a pyrolysis chamber purging system with inert gas, an afterburner for the generator gas and pyrolysis gas mixture, a combustion product temperature control unit, a heat exchanger, a smoke exhauster, a pyrolysis unit control and monitoring system, and a chimney. Magnetrons were used as microwave sources. A description of the testing methodology for the equipment for producing charcoal in the presence and absence of a microwave field is provided. Hardwood (split maple firewood) was used in the tests. The results of the study indicate that the use of microwave technology can increase the rate of thermochemical destruction of wood, increase the productivity of equipment for the production of charcoal, and also obtain a higher yield of charcoal per unit mass of the original wood, raw material or product with a higher calorific value and lower ash content.For example, the productivity of the experimental pyrolysis unit without microwaves was 1.42 kg/h, while with microwaves, it was 1.73 kg/h, an increase of 22 %. The developed technology for producing charcoal by thermal pyrolysis in the presence of microwaves offers economic and energy-efficient potential. 

This paper presents the results of a statistical synthesis of an algorithm for segmenting images of aerial objects based on the Bayesian criterion of maximum posterior probability. The key feature of the algorithm is the use of information about the operator’s initial choice of the object to form a priori spatial distribution of coordinates, which allows effectively taking into account geometric constraints on the movement of the object between adjacent frames of the video sequence. A twostage approach has been developed to jointly solve the tasks of pixel classification and object position estimation, in which spatial information is directly integrated into the segmentation decision rule through a Gaussian model of probability distribution. Analytical expressions for the optimal decision rule are obtained in the form of a threshold comparison of the log-likelihood ratio, which includes both intensity and spatial components. The resulting algorithm improves the quality of segmentation and the accuracy of coordinate measurements under varying lighting conditions, which is critically important for automatic tracking systems of aerial objects in the tasks of airspace monitoring and flight trajectory management. 

Selenium hyperdoped silicon layers were obtained by Se ion implantation (3.1 · 10¹⁵ cm^–2, 140 keV) followed by three types of isothermal heat treatment and using pulsed laser annealing (PLA, 70 ns, 2 J/cm²). Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) of He+ ions in random and channeled modes and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to analyze the structure, concentration depth distributions of the implanted impurity and impurity in the Si crystal lattice sites before and after heat treatments. The results obtained by the RBS method indicate that after PLA, 72 % of the introduced impurity is in a substitutional position, and part of it goes to the surface. At isothermal annealing ~ 50 % of Se atoms get into the Si lattice sites, a part of them goes to the drain at the depth corresponding to the initial amorphous layer – crystal interface before heat treatment. A noticeable increase in optical absorption (~ 20 %) in the IR range (1.1–2.5 μm) was registered only at PLA of the implanted layer, and for isothermal annealing it did not exceed 1–2 %. The results of the studies indicate that most of the Se atoms in the sites of the silicon matrix lattice are in electrically inactive states after equilibrium heat treatments. This effect can be explained by the formation of a large number of neutral complexes of selenium atoms, when they are embedded in neighboring sites of the silicon lattice and form covalent bonds with each other. Selenium supersaturated silicon layers are a promising material for the fabrication of efficient broadband photodetectors and solar cells with an embedded intermediate subzone in the silicon forbidden zone. 

 The migration of radionuclides ¹³⁷Cs and ⁹⁰Sr in a compacted clay sample from the “Markovskoye” deposit of the Gomel region depending on the mineralization of its pore solution has been studied by the in-diffusion method. Distilled water and model mineralized solution were added to clay; the mineralized solution was modeling the chemical composition of pore water of the clay sample in case of atmospheric precipitation permeation into the radioactive waste disposal site and its consecutive passage through the materials of the physical barriers: concrete – Na-bentonite – concrete. The apparent diffusion coefficients (D_a) of ¹³⁷Cs and ⁹⁰Sr in the clay sample were determined by the results of experiments: (1.5 ± 0.1) · 10^–12 m²/s for ¹³⁷Cs and (3.8 ± 0.2) · 10^–11 m²/s for ⁸⁵Sr in distilled water, (1.6 ± 0.1) · 10^–12 m²/s for ¹³⁷Cs and (6.3 ± 0.3) · 10^–11 m²/s for ⁸⁵Sr in mineralized solution. It was found that with increasing mineralization of the pore solution of the clay sample Da ⁹⁰Sr increases by 1,7 times, and D_a ¹³⁷Cs does not change within the limits of the error of the experiments. This change of ⁹⁰Sr diffusion coefficient in clay should be taken into account in case of its use as a part of the underlying screen of the disposal site of low- and medium-active waste of NPP, as it will increase the probability of ⁹⁰Sr migration beyond its limits. There is a necessity to come up with technological solutions to prevent or decrease water permeation into the radioactive waste disposal as well as increase the diffusion time by raising the thickness of the clay barrier. The results of the experiments in this study confirm that clay from the “Markovskoye” deposit of the Gomel region is promising for use as a compacted clay barrier in the radioactive waste disposal facility.